WebM is an open, royalty-free video format that Google launched in 2010 for the web. Its container is a trimmed-down version of Matroska (the MKV format), and it only allows royalty-free codecs: VP8, VP9 or AV1 for the picture, Vorbis or Opus for the sound. Chrome, Firefox and Edge play it natively, and YouTube uses VP9 heavily.
You usually end up with a WebM because something in a browser made it. Screen recorders that run in a web page, video calls saved through the MediaRecorder API, OBS set to a custom WebM output, and clips saved from websites are common sources. Those files play fine in a browser but stall elsewhere: the iPhone Photos app won't import them, QuickTime Player won't open them, and many TVs and editing apps refuse them.
Unlike MOV or MKV, a WebM can never simply be copied into a widely playable MP4. Players such as QuickTime, iOS and most TVs expect H.264 or HEVC video with AAC sound in an MP4, not VP9 and Opus. So filetidy decodes every frame and encodes it again as H.264, and turns Opus or Vorbis into AAC at 160 kbit/s. Resolution and frame rate stay the same.
VP8 and VP9 can carry a transparent background (an alpha channel), used for overlays and stickers. H.264 MP4 has no alpha channel, so the converted file is fully opaque: transparent areas do not stay see-through.
- Introduced
- By Google in 2010, based on the Matroska container
- Video codecs
- VP8, VP9 or AV1
- Audio codecs
- Opus or Vorbis
- Conversion method
- Always a full re-encode to H.264 + AAC (160 kbit/s stereo)
- Target bitrate
- About 0.1 bit per pixel per frame, e.g. ≈6 Mbit/s at 1080p30, never above 12 Mbit/s
- Transparency
- Not kept: the MP4 has no alpha channel